TANZANIA ASSOCIATION OF FORESTERS – TAF (ZANZIBAR)
PO BOX 3526 – ZANZIBAR. Tel: +255 713 459447, +255 772 371701
Email: tafznz@yahoo.com, yhkombo@yahoo.com
IMPLICATIONS OF MICRO FINANCE SCHEME ON BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Positive ideas turned into Negative Results: Lessons learned from Jozani National Park - Zanzibar
1Yussuf H. Kombo, 2AIi U. Basha, 3Rahika H. Suleiman
July, 2013
1: yhkombo@yahoo.com; yussuf.kombo@hotmail.com, PO Box 3526 – Zanzibar – Tanzania; Mobile: +255 713 459447
2: basha_au@hotmail.com; PO Box 3526 – Zanzibar – Tanzania; Mobile: +255 777 475978
3: rahikahamadi@hotmail.com; PO Box 3526 – Zanzibar – Tanzania; Mobile: +255 777 71 77 78
Abstract
Jozani and Chwaka Bay Conservation Area (JCBCA) is a single place where particular species could be conserved in-situ in Zanzibar islands of Unguja. Perhaps the jungle is the most biological diverse site on the islands as it contains the majority of rare and endangered species. The forest harbors five important vegetation types spread over small area not exceeding 35 km2 namely, Ground water forest, Plantation, Coral rag thickets, Mangroves and Salt marshes. JCBCA that include the Jozani National Park and its surrounding environs have also supplied the local communities with numerous forest products for generations including herbal medicines, honey and basketry material. In 2000s, Jozani and Chwaka Bay Conservation Project (JCBCP) under financial support of CARE initiated conservation programs that involve communities in the surrounding villages. One among the step taken towards community conservation initiatives as means of improving livelihood and income was Saving and Credit Program (SCP). However, these initiatives seem to be central drivers towards deforestation and forest degradation, prostitution and cultural deterioration. This paper highlights facts and findings from community members and staff.
Abbreviation
ASCs Accumulating Savings & Credit Associations
CARE CARE International
CBD Conservation of Biological Diversity
CITES Convention of International Trade of Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna
DCCFF Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry
GoZ Government of Zanzibar
IGAs income Generating Activities
IUCN International Union for Nature Conservation
JCBCA Jozani Conservation Area
JCBCA Jozani and Chwaka Bay Conservation Project
JCBNP Jozani and Chwaka bay National Park
JECA Jozani Environment Conservation Association
JCBCA Jozani national Park
LUMA Land Use Management Agreement
NGO Non Government Organization
PAFOWCP Participatory Forest and Wildlife Conservation Project
SC Saving and Credit
SONARECOD Society for Natural Resources Conservation and Development
Tzs Tanzanian Shillings
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
URT United Republic of Tanzania
VCC(s) Village conservation Committee (s)
1.0)Background information
1.1)Introduction
Deforestation and forest degradation to support daily livelihoods of the community adjacent to the forest protected areas is a growing concern across the globe. Micro finance scheme is a recent option proposed by a wide range of development projects to support the daily livelihoods. The Grameen Bank originally founded in Bangladesh in 1976. It makes small loans known as microcredit or "Grameen credit to the impoverished without requiring collateral. Micro-credit loans are based on the concept that the poor have skills or resources that are under-utilized and with incentive, they can earn more money. ASCA was initially documented in South Asia. ASCAs are also time-limited, informal microfinance groups that appoint one of their members to manage an internal fund. Records are kept and surplus lent out. After a pre-agreed period all the loans are called back and the fund, plus accumulated profit are distributed to the members.
Zanzibar being part of the United Republic of Tanzania and the most popular islands in the east Africa coasts, is increasingly suffering from severe deforestation and forest degradation due to recent transformation of microfinance schemes to cater population growth. The URT 2012 population and housing census estimated 1,303,569 inhabitants at growth rate of 2.8% and average density of 3,133 persons per kilometer square. The population density provide massive pressure on natural resources base particularly forest resources. Indeed the forest is increasingly providing essential benefits, many of which are vital to the fundamental well being and the nation. SONARECOD (2002) S and DCCFF (2008) estimated that at least 95% of the total population is directly depends on wood fuel as the main source of cooking energy. House construction also relies largely on supply of building materials from mangroves and the coral rag forests. These forests harbor a great number of wildlife species, some of which are gone endemic and endangered.
Taking into account the expansion of tourism, settlement and other economic development that acquires huge lands areas. The Government of Zanzibar (GoZ) recognizes the community livelihood as equally important. The GoZ worked hard to interconnect the resources overexploitation and human livelihoods. Then Savings and Credit program was launched in 1999 for the purpose of mobilizing capital from the local community to pay for establishing small enterprises. The idea was built to refrain community from direct exploitation of forest and wildlife resources using small groups of saving and credit. At the very beginning, the Grameen Model was adopted but could not able to prosper very well due to ineffective loan repayment and non-flexibility of the model. Later ASCA system was adopted although with some snags. This system appears more adaptable by the local community due to its flexibility on contribution of shares, loan reimbursement, and repayment; and most importantly, it is linked to training on establishing and managing IGAs. In 2001, a total of 13 groups have been established whereby shares amounted to Tzs. 7.8 million were contributed and loans amounted to Tanzania shillings 7.6 million issued to 10 groups.
This paper presents problems and prospects of micro finance scheme adjacent to the forest protected areas in effort to alleviate poverty and improving the biodiversity conservation in Zanzibar. The paper examines the efficacy of Gramen and Accumulating Savings & Credit Associations (ASCAs) models at Jozani National Park.
1.2). Study area and history
This study was piloted to covers the Jozani National Park and especially Jozani village as a case study site. The JCBCA is located between 39.26’ E longitude and 6.10’ S to 65 17’ S. latitude. The park is situated at about 35 km, South East of the Zanzibar town. The forest was reported that prior to 1920 and was exploited for timber by local people, Later in 1920 the forest was sold by the indigenous people through their Mwinyimkuu (Chief) to an Indian Saw miller called Elias who then named the Forest “The Jozani Farm”. In 1938, Elias mortgaged the farm to an Indian merchant Khimji Gokaldas Asar who established a sawmill and started exploiting the timber especially Collophyllum inopphyllum and Vertex doniana. In 1940, Asar sold the farm to Messrs V.R. Josh, Tulsidas Narandas and Dewani Brothers. The Company was known as “Jozani Forest Estate and Sawmills”. Harvest of Forest products for Commercial basis continued until 1952 when the Government, through the Sultan under the British Protectorate acquired the forest and paid compensation by powers vested in him by the Forest Reserve Decree of 1950. In 1952, re-afforestation initiated.
Jozani was declared a forest reserve in 1960.The British Resident in Zanzibar then, declared it as Forest Reserve in 1960, when the establishment of Jozani Forest Reserve Constitution Order, 1960 vested him a powers to-do so. Since then, there has been no alteration of the legal status of the Forest. The policies and laws governing the protection of Jozani and other forest resources in Zanzibar have as well not been amended until in the year 1995/1996, when the new Policy and Legislation was adopted.
1.2.2) Biological composition and Ecological Importance of JCBCA.
JCBCA is a single place where these particular species could be conserved in-situ. Recent studies show the existence of 29 mammal species at Jozani. The forest harbors the five important vegetation types spread over the small area not exceeding 35 km2 (3,500ha). These five ecosystems are Ground water forest, Plantation, Coral rag forest, Mangroves and Salt marshes.
Finnie (2002) highlights that NJP being one of the most important tourist attractions within the Isles of Zanzibar, represents perhaps the most biological diverse site on the islands as it contains the majority of rare and endangered species to be found within Unguja, which include i) Half the world’s population of the Zanzibar red colobus monkeys; ii) A significant proportion of the last known viable population of Ader’s duiker; iii) The only known live specimens of Zanzibar servaline genet iv) The stronghold of Zanzibar Fischer’s turaco; v) Sufficient numbers of tree species which qualify for Ramsar designation; and vi) twenty plant species which appear on the IUCN Red Lists or CITES.
Nahonyo et al (2002) declare that “most of the species of large mammals reported to be present in Jozani from previous surveys and studies were encountered during the survey either through direct observation or signs. The exception was the Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi) whose presence was difficult to establish. Leopards are notoriously difficult to observe (Kingdon, 1997) and their presence is difficult to establish without use of techniques like camera trapping or baiting. Some of the large mammals sighted physically during the survey included the Red Duiker (Cephalophus adersi) blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola sundevalli) Red Colobus monkey (Piliocolobus kirkii), Sykes Monkey (Cercopithecus mitis). Most other species were recorded from signs such as Suni, Galagos, Bush pigs, Genets and Civets. The Nahonyo report emphasizes that the distribution of most species was widespread within the forest and their occurrence outside the forest reserve was not common. This suggests that the distribution of most of these species is continuing to shrink compared to the previous reports (Williams et al 1996). Hunting, farming, settlement and human disturbances have restricted the range of most large mammals on Zanzibar. Ukongoroni area within which most of the Jozani forest is located remains the most important area for most large mammals.
Vegetation-wise, the flora of Jozani belongs to the Zanzibar-Inhambane regional centre of endemism (UNEP, 2001), which extends from Somalia to Mozambique. JCBNP contains a wide range of discrete vegetation communities, containing some rare and endemic species (Nahonyo et al. 2002). Ground water forest occupies the central area, enclosed by coral rag forest and bush land, with derived woodland grassland occurring in Mapopwe and Wangwani. Well developed mangroves are situated to the north in Chwaka, with less well developed mangroves around the village of Pete to the south (Finnie, 2002, Nahonyo et al 2002).
The area covered by the National Park is dominated by bush lands (31% by area); the western area, being at a slighter higher altitude, is dominated with lower bush with few or no large trees, whilst the eastern area is dominated with bush land with emergent trees. The area between the bush lands forms a valley with mangroves to the north and south. Between these two areas of mangrove forest Diospyros forest, ground water forest and salt marsh may be found. The topography is frequently interspersed with large and key emergent species namely Pandanus, Elaeis, Eugenia and scattered trees of Vitex, Anthocleista and Ficus species. Ficus species and Vitex doniana with largest dbh ranges dominate for trees and the shrub layer is dense in some spots while the ferns Stenochlaena and Phymatodes form the herb layer. Monodominant stands of Pandanus rabaiensis are causing some concern for conservation as the species is deemed to invade and suppress regeneration of other species). Another monocotyledonous tree of Jozani is Raphia farinifera. (White 1983, Greenway 1973). Generally speaking, the Floristic species richness the floristic species richness identified from Nahonyo et al. (2002), whilst not exhaustive, reveals a relatively high count of 291 species from 83 families, as follows:
i) Dicotyledons – 66 families, 187 genera, 248 spp. ii) Monocotyledons – 9 families, 26 genera, 35 spp. iii) and Pteridophytes – 8 families, 8 genera, 8 spp. The study cautioned that some tree species, such as Croton sylvaticus and Burttdavya nyasica, have disappeared or declined completely, possibly through over harvesting.
The then Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry - DCCFF formerly the Commission for Natural Resources), care – Tanzania and the nine villages community surrounding the Jozani forest came to realize that the rate of deforestation and forest degradation within and outside the forest was alarming, to an extent that the life of rare species of national and international significance are threatened. The habitat destruction due to shifting cultivation, hunting of duickers and antelopes, bee honey collections and construction for settlements kept the life of the most significant near extinct creatures viz. Zanzibar leopard (P. pardus), the red colobus monkey (Procolobus badius kirkii) and the Ader’s duiker (Cephalophus adersi) endangered.
1.2 Objective of this paper
To collect and share lessons associated with microcredit schemes towards biodiversity conservation development at Jozani.
1.3. Scope and Rationale
This paper pays much attention to JCBCA as pilot site of microcredit to Zanzibar. Deliberate efforts have been taken to study the piloted area (Jozani village) for the purpose of establishing baseline information and to explore problems and prospects related to biodiversity conservation and microcredit development. Narrow information is available in place to support the rational management decisions. The sustainability of JCBCA that include the national park still relies on the hands of the adjacent community who are increasingly depending on this valuable forest.
According to the URT population and housing census 2012, the South region which largely occupies the JCBCA has a total of 115,588 inhabits and 25,947 households at average household of 4.5 persons. These figures signify the extent of pressure toward the conservation areas and the park. Then the idea of adopting the saving and credits came into view to rescue the most valuable forest in the world.
2.0) Methodology
The study mainly based on literature review, observations and empirical knowledge of diverse authors. Several documents on forestry, biodiversity, policies, and conventions have been reviewed and hints highlighted. In some places field observations and face to face interview were made to visualize and analyze the situation. Discussion with knowledgeable elders and experienced staff in the Department of forestry and Department of Environment DoE was undertaken to support the facts.
3.0) Results
3. 1) Steps toward community conservation initiatives in JCBCA
As stated earlier, the conservation of Jozani and its resources started since 1960 by The British Resident in Zanzibar declaring it as a forest reserve. However, this was not as much as necessary. Following the Rio convention, GoZ found that it was crucial to review its policies and laws so that Conservation of Biological Diversity (CBD) involves communities in the adjacent areas. Thus, the policy and laws was revised and steps were taken to ensure sustainable management of forest resources within and in the surrounding areas of Jozani. Among these crucial measures are:
3.1.1) Establishment of Jozani National Park (JCBCA)
JCBCA was establishes in 1995 as an effort to support the CBD and community involvement and benefit sharing. This program covered the Jozani Forest Reserve and Chwaka Bay Mangrove Reserve located in the Eastern part of Unguja Island. It covers the total area of 5000 ha. The program was managed by Government forestry agency, International NGO-CARE and Community organization known as Jozani Environment Conservation Association (JECA), an umbrella NGO for nine villages surrounding the program area. In order to achieve the long term and short term goals, the communities were totally involved.
i) Goals and Objective: the Long term objective of the program was:-
To achieve the sustainable conservation of the biodiversity of Zanzibar islands in particular of the last remaining groundwater forest zones and connected flora and fauna to improve long-term living condition of the population of Unguja island.
a) The immediate program goals were
· To assist the GOZ in creation, development and management of JCBCA.
· To improve the local economy and living conditions through ecotourism activities and through advice in sensible use of the zones of Nature Conservation Area which are dedicated for sustainable use of the local communities.
· To create awareness of the importance of protecting natural resources through extension, training and conservation education.
3.1.2) Community Participation in Forestry Conservation
DCCFF and CARE were the major partners of the program. However, however; the two institutions were closely working with all villages surrounding the conservation area. These villages have organized themselves into a non government organization for environment management of the areas called The Jozani and Chwaka Bay Conservation Association (JECA). The links between three parties was robust to an extent that the society was involved as from planning to implementation. In order to improve financial management capacity of the communities, JECA was sub granted in the same mechanism as DCCFF.
The JECA, CARE and DCCFF believe that, community efficiency and awareness toward conservation is crucial for the sustainability of JCBCA. Sustainability at this point, mainly focus at financial capability and technical capability. To ensure financial capability the communities were organized into community enterprises, that include Saving and Credit Program, handcrafting, and mangrove boardwalk management. Other efforts include revenue sharing from crop raiding by red colobus monkeys and community agreements.
3.2) Community and Conservationist Views on SCP.
The target of SCP was to refrain community from direct exploitation of forest resources using small groups of saving and credit. However, in the process of implementing the program, some shortfalls were noted as follow:
3.2.1) JECAs Observations: On 5 March 2006, JECA conducted a one day meeting to discuss problems and alarming destruction of forest in the villages surround the Jozani forest and the Jozani National park. The meeting concluded that:
i) The management agreement that have been signed been DCCFF and the Communities are not well understood among the community member.
ii) The villages conservation committees are not well respected within the villages as most of the village members consider the committees as a group of people who want to hijack power on forest issues
iii) Community member feel shy, shame or un human to arrest someone (laxity) within the village just for a reason of cutting the forest. This was called “Muhali” in Kiswahili. Thus the result is failure to implement the village conservation agreement.
3.2.2) Participatory Forest and Wildlife Conservation Project (PAFOWCP)
During this planning session which was held by CARE – Zanzibar on 12-13 April, 2006. Several officers responsible for forestry and SC in Zanzibar had shown their worries on SCP. Their comments were in line with Charawe village leaders views. Some of critical comments were as follow:
· Mr. Mackonda (Village SC official) for instance, showed his sincere feelings on the whole progress by saying that “The number of SC groups is increasing within and outside the conservation area. However, the quality of the project is becoming poor as most of the new groups don’t know the conservation ethics, objectives and goals of establishing the SC Scheme. In turn actual implementation jeopardizes conservation efforts.
· The enterprises officer Mrs. Aziza Nchimbi expressed her feelings by cautioning the workshops participants that “What is happening in the conservation areas and what is done by the groups in respect to the conservation ethics, is mainly due to the lack of monitoring and education program? Since the termination of JCBCP in 2000, the monitoring and follow up program have shown decreasing efforts. This has led to poor performance of the groups.
· Mr. Suluhu A, R, the Central district forestry officer in Zanzibar emphasized that “if steps are not taken as soon as possible SC scheme will have negative impact to Jozani”
Ely et al (2000) continues to cautions that “the effect of coral rag thicket clearing and unplanned harvesting can have negative impact to some species at village level and that some species are at risks of local extinction. These species are Suregada zanzibarensis (mdimu msitu), Rapanea melanosphores (Mkangara shamba) and Macphersonia gracilis (Mjoma). Elys and colleagues concluded that the average growing stock per ha at Ukongoroni village is relatively smaller because the forest has been heavily exploited and cleared for cultivation.
These comments from the project planning and implementation officers indicate that, there is something to do with the whole scheme. Extra effort need to make sure that good intention of JCBCP Is not turned down to negative
3.2.3) A cry from the society for Jozani Farm Owners (Umoja wa Wenye Mashamba Jozani) -UWEMAJO
UWEMAJO (2013) revealed the “fact that, the introduction of saving and credit schemes in this area has accelerated deforestation. Citing the Chief Warden of Jozani – Chwaka Bay National Park Mr. Ali A. Mwinyi admitted that deforestation in the areas surrounding National Park has become worse this time than ever”.
UWEMAJO (2013) also indicated that “a positive side of this community however, a number of saving and credit corporative societies (SACCOS) emerged. The secretary General of Jozani Credit Development Organization (JOCDO) said there are more than 273 (from 13 groups of 2001) SACCOS in the area. Unfortunately these credit organizations have not yet found a way out of viscous circus of poverty as very few of them (if any) has invested in sound SMEs, which is the best way to take society out of poverty”.
3.3)Reconnaissance study on Jozani communities of SC
Following allegations and doubts mentioned in section 3.2 above, a team of TAF officials on 20 July 2013 made a specially visit to Jozani village to learn more on community feelings and attitudes toward the saving and credit program and its role to conservation of biological diversity of JCBCA and the natural forestry there in. Fifty one community members were interrogated. During the interview eleven questions were asked to different people in a mixed gender. All of the interviewee are adults over 20 years of age. This was done purposely as the wood cutter in the area almost all are within or above this age. The result of consultation with community at Jozani (table below) found that:
i. 17.7% (nine people out of 51) mentioned that the program is useful. This answer is a bit tricky as usefulness might be to conservation or to those who earn money and use the money to cut the forest.
ii. 41.2 % (21 people out of 51) showed their feeling that the “the scheme has resulted into more destruction of the forest”.
iii. 21.5 % (14 people out of 51) claimed that “More people have engaged themselves in cutting as result of the scheme”.
iv. 7.8 % (4 people out of 51) commented that “With SC scheme cutting has been reduced”.
v. 15.7% (8 respondents out of 51) cautioned that “with saving and Credit scheme more people have engaged them helves in conservation”.
vi. 35.3% (18 respondents out of 51) revealed that “With Saving and credit women have engaged into forest cutting”.
vii. 13.7 % (7 respondents out of 51) mentioned that “With Saving and Credit women have reduced cutting the forest”.
viii. 17.7% (9 respondents out of 51) indicated that “With Saving and credit men have engaged into forest cutting”.
ix. 11.8% (6 respondents out of 51) highlighted that “With Saving and Credit women have reduced cutting the forest”.
x. 7.8 % (4 respondents out of 51) had no idea on the scheme
Critical situation
During the process of examination, few community members showed their sincere cry on behavioral changes that is happening as a result of the scheme
a) “Many women are in JECA and they are not employed, this force them to go back to cut the forest”. – Ref: Mr. Hilal Sudi
b) “Those who joined earlier had training on saving and credit, but the newly ones are doing haphazardly “– Ref: Mr. Mustafa
c) “Saving and credit is a good exercise, however, getting money is very difficult. This has force many to do any kind of activity so that to get money eg firewood cutting and even daily paid working (vibarua)” – Ref: Ms Hafsa
d) “I can see destruction is alarming. Prostitution is increasing and our tradition and taboo are being destroyed. How comes that teenage girl “mwari’ joins three saving and credit groups while she has no job? Where is she getting money to pay back” – Mr. Abdala Musa
e) People don’t have jobs, without going to the forest there is no money – Ms Mariam Issa.
f) Many community members rely on the forest so that the get money to pay into their SC accounts.
g) Many women joins saving and credit even school students. This causes deterioration of taboo to young generations – Anonymous
h) To avoid all these kind of outcomes,, the government and donors are requested to provide trainings and alternative business.
i) No job, what kind of business to do?. SC groups are destroying families. Husban and wife always in queries and misunderstanding – anonymous
j) Women dont have jobs no any sources of fund. They rely on forest for income – Zakia Mbaraka Haji
k) There is no easy way of getting if not mango season
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Discussion
The results from the reconnaissance study in Jozani villages have indicated that community is in doubt of the program or rather have negative thinking on the program. This has been revealed by the above data.
There some who claimed that the program is useful. This is a bit tricky answer as the level of usefulness need to be studied.
The claim that the saving and credit scheme has resulted onto forest cutting and that women has also engage themselves in cutting the forest is alarming because traditionally this was means job. This indicated that the number of cutters has increased allowing more danger to the biodiversity.
The study results revealed that the are many things beyond the program. Not only the forest is been humiliated but taboos and culture is also been eroded. Prostitutions that grow among community member is a critical situation as spread of diseases such as HIV might have easy ways to penetrate. Chance of having children without known father might pave the way into well traditioned villages. If school students are allowed to join the groups, time for study might be limited as well. This will end up into failures, thus low standard of education and leaving. Conflict between husband and wives as result of saving and credit is an alarming situation. if not well managed this might lead to divorcion and gangs of widows. Family care will be affected and children will suffer.
4.0) Conclusion and recommendations
With the above community and staff worries on the SC program this paper concludes that there is a mixed feeling on the usefulness of the scheme to conservation biological diversity in Jozani Conservation area and the National parks' forest and associated resources. This call for in depth study on the usefulness of the program to biodiversity conservation and livelihood of communities next to the conservation areas.
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Guiding Questionnaire
SAVING ANS CREDIT IN JOZANI AND CHWAKA BAY SURROUNDING VILLAGES
Q: What is your feelings, idea, thinking, views on the ongoing saving and credit scheme in villages surrounding Jozani and Chwaka bay conservation area and the National Park.
Responses
i) The program is useful and conservation has improves
ii) The scheme has resulted into more destruction of the forest
iii) More people have engaged themselves in cutting as result of the scheme
iv) With SC scheme cutting has been reduced
v) With saving and Credit scheme more people have engaged them helves in conservation
vi) With Saving and credit women have engaged into forest cutting
vii) With Saving and Credit women have reduced cutting the forest
viii) With Saving and credit men have engaged into forest cutting
ix) With Saving and Credit women have reduced cutting the forest
x) No idea
xi) To me all the same no difference
Name of respondent: Ms/Mr. ---------------------------------------------------------------------
Address: ---------------------------------------------------Mobile:---------------------------------
sn
|
research question
|
Frequencies responses
|
% out of 51 interviewee
|
i
|
The program is useful and conservation has improves
|
9
|
17.7
|
ii
|
The scheme has resulted into more destruction of the forest
|
21
|
41.18
|
iii
|
More people have engaged themselves in cutting as result of the scheme
|
14
|
27.45
|
iv
|
With SC scheme cutting has been reduced
|
4
|
7.84
|
v
|
With saving and Credit scheme more people have engaged them helves in conservation
|
8
|
15.69
|
vi
|
With Saving and credit women have engaged into forest cutting
|
18
|
35.29
|
vii
|
With Saving and Credit women have reduced cutting the forest
|
7
|
13.73
|
viii
|
With Saving and credit men have engaged into forest cutting
|
9
|
17.65
|
ix
|
With Saving and Credit women have reduced cutting the forest
|
6
|
11.76
|
x
|
No idea
|
4
|
7.84
|
xi
|
To me all the same no difference
|
0
|
0.00
|
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